Original Excellent U.S Harpers Ferry Rare Type II Hall Model 1819 Breech Loading Rifle Converted to Percussion – dated 1831 Original Items

Original Item: Only One Available. This is really a Peach! We have only ever handled a few of these very early breech loading rifles, and this has to be one of the best we have ever seen! It shows no signs of restoration, and still shows the original plum colored “browned” finish used on U.S. firearms made during the period. The wood is fantastic, and the percussion converted breech block was refinished during the conversion, so it looks to have been case hardened or niter blued. We very much doubt we will ever seen a better example!

The Harpers Ferry Model 1819 Hall rifle is a single-shot breech-loading rifle designed by John Hancock Hall, patented on May 21, 1811, and adopted by the U.S. Army in 1819. Due to how the breech block itself was loaded, it is also considered something of a hybrid breech and muzzle-loading design, like a percussion revolver. It uses a pivoting chamber breech design and was made with either a flintlock or percussion cap ignition system. The years of production were from the 1820s to the 1840s at the Harpers Ferry Arsenal.

This was the first breech-loading rifle to be adopted in large numbers by any nation’s army, but not the first breech-loading military rifle – the Ferguson rifle was used briefly by the British Army in the American Revolutionary War. The Hall rifle remained overshadowed by common muskets and muzzle-loading rifles which were still prevalent until the Civil War. The early flintlocks were mostly converted to percussion ignition, as our example has been.

The breech block is stamped with the original production information on the top, which is still crisp and clear:-

J. H. HALL
H. FERRY
U.S.
1831

In the 1840s, the M1819 Hall Rifles began to be produced in percussion, and existing stocks were converted as well, as with many other arms used by U.S. forces.

Our example is in excellent condition, with the original breech block markings crisp, and the original plum “browned” finish still present throughout the metalwork. The stock is also in great condition, showing a lovely dark red-brown color, with no signs of restoration, just some dents and scrapes from storage. It does not look to have seen any large amount of use during it’s service life, and we cannot see any major damage like cracks, repairs, etc. This is just a fantastic example.

The .52″ bore of the barrel is in excellent condition, showing strong lands and grooves with a bright finish. There is just a bit of fouling present, with no major wear or oxidation, indicating little to no use. Of interest is that the rifling stops about 1 1/2 inches from the muzzle, which was part of the design, and seen both on the original flintlock and percussion examples. These were originally produced with for a .525″ ball when in the early Type I flintlock design, with some later examples being in a larger .69″ caliber.

The breech loading mechanism works well, with the latch pulling back easily. Once open the breech stays presented for cleaning and loading. The lock, built into the breech block, is fully functional, holding at half cock and firing at full. The rifle comes with a ramrod / cleaning rod, which looks to be original.

A fantastic example of a rare early breech-loading design, later converted to percussion. In magnificent display condition, ready to become a part of your collection! They really don’t get much better than this!

Specifications-

Year of Manufacture: 1831 – Converted Later
Caliber: .52″ – 16 groove rifling
Cartridge Type: Cap and Ball
Barrel Length: 32 ¾ Inches
Overall Length: 52 ¾ Inches
Action type: Top Action Percussion Lock
Feed System: Hinged Breech Block

More on the M1819 Hall rifle

The original flintlock model had a 32.5-inch barrel rifled with 16 “clockwise” (right-hand) grooves making a turn in 96 inches. The muzzle was reamed to a depth of 1.5 inches, creating the illusion of a smoothbore when the user looked down the muzzle of the firearm. Overall length was 52.5 inches, and weight without bayonet was 10.25 pounds. The rifle fired a .525″ ball weighing 220 grains (one-half ounce), using a 100-grain black powder charge and 10 grains of fine powder primer (flintlock versions only).

The carbine design was produced beginning in 1833, using a smoothbore barrel of 23 inches in length. It had an overall length of 43 inches, weighed 8 lbs, and was the first caplock firearm adopted by the U.S. Army. The following year, a carbine in .69 caliber was introduced for the Regiment of Dragoons, with a second run in 1836–1837. Barrel length was reduced to 21 inches in 1840, and a “fishtail” breech lever design credited to U.S. Army Captain James Huger was also introduced for the next 7,000 carbines, including the M1842 carbine, the final “regulation design” of the series.

In 1843, the Hall-North carbine, variously known as the M1843 and the “improved 1840”, featured a side-mounted Henry North-Edward Savage breech lever. 11,000 Hall-North carbines were manufactured with a 21-inch, .52 caliber barrel. The Hall production line at Harper’s Ferry closed in 1844, but between 1843 and 1846, 3,000 M1843 carbines were also manufactured by Simeon North.

Design:
The back several inches of the barrel (the chamber) is a separate piece that pivots upwards from the front for reloading, similar in concept to the later Norwegian kammerlader. In essence, the weapon was still loaded front to back, but without the need to ram the charge all the way from the muzzle, similar in concept to loading a cylinder of an early cap-and-ball (percussion) revolver. One could also think of it as similar to loading a short barreled, single shot muzzle-loading “horse pistol”, which then hinges down behind an extra several feet of barrel, avoiding the need for extracting the long ram-rod from its underbarrel rings, rotating it so the ramming head faced the muzzle, ramming the charge down the barrel, extracting the rod, flipping it again, and then returning it to its holding rings. With the short chamber, a simple hand-held tool could be used to easily and quickly seat the bullet onto the charge.

More importantly, as with all breechloaders (and muzzle-loaders, prior to the invention of the Minie ball), the fact that one didn’t need to load through the whole barrel allowed for the use of rifling in a standard-issue front-line military weapon (as opposed to weapons issued in small numbers to elite troops such as sharpshooters). In order for rifling to work, the projectile must fit very snugly in the barrel, which makes it harder and slower to ram the bullet down the barrel. Once fired, black powder builds up thick fouling very quickly, which makes the gun even harder to load; a typical muzzle-loading rifle couldn’t be fired more than 3-4 times before requiring cleaning, or the bullet would be impossible to force down the barrel on loading, even with the mallet typically issued to riflemen to aid in forcing the bullet through the rifling while loading after the first two shots.

This fact is why soldiers were still issued smoothbore muskets firing loose-fitting round balls, long after the merits of rifling were known; rifles simply couldn’t be loaded fast enough for use in open-field combat, even though they were far more effective shot-for-shot. The loose fit of a musket ball allowed for faster loading, even after fouling built up, but also made adding rifling useless, since it wouldn’t work without a tight-fitting projectile. With a breech-loader, a tight-fitting projectile can be used, as it doesn’t have to be forced down the barrel, which allows the use of rifling as well as a fast rate of fire. This fact means that even a breechloader that only achieved the same rate of fire as a muzzle-loading musket would still be superior to the musket, as the breechloader could be rifled and the musket couldn’t, although in fact, breechloaders generally also had a greater rate of fire.

The development was primarily the work of Hall, who had been working on a design in the first two decades of the 19th century, receiving critical patents during the time. The work caught the interest of Army, which led to the contract at the end of the latter decade. The breech-loading design was made possible by his focus on using carefully machined components to form a seal, but still allowing enough tolerance for the breech to be opened easily. While precisely machined for the time, the technology of the day didn’t allow for tolerances close enough to make a satisfactory seal, which was also one of the biggest hindrances to the creation of a successful revolver until some years later. The Hall rifle offered a significant increase in rate of fire over muzzleloading rifles and muskets (mostly due to the fact that one didn’t have to manipulate the long, awkward ramming-rod every time one loaded). However, the design suffered from the gas leakage around the interface of the separate chamber and the bore (much as gases escape from the gap between cylinder and barrel of a revolver), resulting in the necessity of a heavier powder charge that still produced much less muzzle velocity than its muzzleloading competition. No serious efforts were made to develop a seal to reduce the loss of gas from the breech. The penetrating ability of its .52-caliber ball for the rifle was only one third of that of the muzzleloaders, and the muzzle velocity of the carbine was 25 percent lower than that of the Jenks “Mule Ear” carbine, despite having similar barrel lengths and identical 70-grain powder charges.

Thousands of rifles were made, though the troops and many leaders preferred the simplicity and lower costs of muzzle-loaded weapons. However, the advantages were clear, and breech-loading designs would grow to dominate rifle procurement after the Civil War. Many of the lessons learned by Hall would benefit designers of the next generation of breech-loaders such as the Sharps rifle (1848), Spencer carbine (1860), and others.

The Halls were used against Native Americans, and in smaller conflicts. Some saw service in the American Civil War; however, by this time, many rifles were worn out over 30 years of use. As part of the process, Hall built his own shops and machinery at Harper’s Ferry, and along with inventing this weapon, he invented many machines, paving the way for uniform manufacturing of weapons with interchangeable parts. The ruins of his shops are still visible today.

NOTE: International orders of antique firearms MUST be shipped using UPS WW Services (courier). USPS Priority Mail international will not accept these. International customers should always consult their country’s antique gun laws prior to ordering.